不景氣 slump （衰退 recession）
二板市場 the second board market
中國創業板 China Growth Enterprise Market
首次上市 IPOs (initial public offering)
市場資本總額 market capitalization
法人股 institutional shares
內部股（非上市招股） private company shares
牛市 bull market
法律風險 legal risk
風險管理 risk management
堅持嚴格的貸款標準 maintain strong underwriting standards
六大風險 risks in 6 key areas (U.S. Federal Reserve criterion)
信用風險 credit risk
供給學派 supply-side economist
第一產業（農業） agriculture (primary industry)
第二產業（工業） manufacturing industry (secondary industry)
第三產業（服務業） service industry (tertiary industry)
主要經濟指標 major economic indicators
國內生產總值 GDP gross domestic product （商品和勞務幣值總和，不包括海外收入支出）
國民生產總值 GNP gross national product（商品和勞務幣值總和，包括海外收入支出）
人均國內生產總值 GDP per capita
宏觀經濟 macro economy
互助基金 mutual fund
擴大內需 expand domestic demand
改善居民心理預期 inspire the general public’s confidence in the future needs
鼓勵增加即期消費 encourage more immediate consumption
長期國債 long-term treasury bonds
支付國債利息 to service treasury bonds
財政赤字和債務 deficits and the national debt
按原口徑計算 calculate on the base line
按不變價格計算 calculate at constant price
按可比價格計算 calculate at comparable price
列入財政預算支出 listed in the fiscal budget
結售匯制度 the system of exchange, settlement and sales
經常項目順差 favorable balance of current account, surplus of current account
開辦人民幣業務 engage in Renminbi (RMB) business
出口退稅制度 the system of refunding taxes on exported goods
保證金台帳制度 Deposit account system for processing trade
分期付款 pay by installment
保值儲蓄 inflation-proof bank savings
抵押貸款 collateralised loans
住房抵押貸款 residential mortgage loan
貨幣主義者 monetarist
計劃經濟 planned economy
指令性計劃 mandatory plan
技術密集型 technology intensive
大規模生產 mass production
經濟林 cash tree
跟蹤審計 follow-up auditing
流動性風險 liquidity risk
操作風險 operational risk
內部審計 internal audit
拋售 bear sales
配套政策 supporting policies
中國人民銀行（中央銀行）The People’s Bank of China（central bank）
四大國有商業銀行 4 major state-owned commercial banks
中國銀行 Bank of china
中國工商銀行 Industrial and Commercial Bank of China（）and
中國建設銀行 Construction Bank of China
中國農業銀行 Agricultural Bank of China
招商銀行 China Merchants Bank
疲軟股票 soft stock
配股 allotment of shares
實際增長率 growth rate in real terms
年均增長率 average growth rate per annum
投資回報率 rate of return on investment
外貿進出口總額 total foreign trade value
實際利用外資 incoming overseas capital (investment) in place
消費價格指數 consumer price index (CPI)
零售價格指數 retail price index （RPI）
生活費用價格總指數 total price index of living cost
生活費用 income available for living expenses
扣除物價因素 in real terms / on inflation-adjusted basis
居民儲蓄存款 residents’ bank savings deposit
恩格爾系數（食品開支佔總支出的比例） Engel coefficient
基尼系數（衡量地區差別） Gini coefficient
購買力平價法 purchasing power parity (PPP) （衡量使用不同貨幣的兩個國家或地區的經濟水平、收入水平的一種計算法，用相等的匯率比較兩種貨幣各自的國內購買力）
片面追求發展速度 excessive pursuit of growth
泡沫經濟 bubble economy 經濟過熱 overheating of economy
通貨膨脹 inflation
實體經濟 the real economy
經濟規律 laws of economics
市場調節 market regulation
優化資源配置 optimize allocation of resources
規模經營優勢 advantage of economies of scale
勞動密集型 labor intensive
市場風險 market risk
收緊銀根 tighten up monetary policy
適度從緊的財政政策 moderately tight fiscal policy
信用緊縮 credit crunch
加強國有商業銀行內部資金調度 In state commercial banks, internal capital allocation should be improved.
合理劃分貸款審批權限 Limits of authority for examining and approving loans should be rationally defined.
保證有市場、有效益、守信用企業的流動資金貸款 ensure floating capital loans for well-performing and trustworthy enterprises which turn out the right products for the right markets
啟動民間投資 attract investment from the private sector
適銷對路的產品 the right products / readily marketable products
國有企業 state-owned enterprises (SOEs)
集體企業 collectively-owned (partnership) enterprises
私營企業 private businesses
民營企業 privately-run businesses
中小企業 small-and-medium-sized enterprises
三資企業（中外合資、中外合作、外商獨資） overseas-invested enterprises; foreign-invested enterprises (Chinese-overseas equity joint ventures, Chinese-overseas contractual joint ventures, wholly foreign- owned enterprises)
存款保證金 guaranty money for deposits
貨幣回籠 withdrawal of currency from circulation
吸收游資 absorb idle fund
經常性貸款 commercial lending
經常性支出 operating expenses
再貸款 re-lending; subloan
支持國有大型企業和高新技術企業上市融資 support large state-owned enterprises and high and innovative technology companies in their efforts to seek financing by listing on the stock market
改制上市 An enterprise is re-organized according to modern corporate system so that it will get listed on the stock market.
進一步規範和發展證券市場 further standardize and develop the securities market
增加直接融資比重 increase the proportion of direct financing
完善股票發行上市制度 improve the system for IPO and listing on stock markets
中國證監會 China Securities Regulatory Commission (CSRC)
深圳證券交易所市 Shenzhen Stock Exchange
上海證券交易所 Shanghai Stock Exchange
綜合指數 composite index
納斯達克（高技術企業板） NASDAQ （National Association of Securities Dealers Automated Quotation
主板市場 the main board
通貨緊縮 deflation
中國現代化建設分三步走的戰略the three-step development strategy of China’s modernization drive第一步，到1990年國民生產總值比1980年翻一番 Step One: GDP of 1990 doubles that of 1980.第二步，到2000年人均國民生產總值比1980年翻兩番，人民生活達到小康水平 Step Two: GDP of 2000 quadruples that of 1980; people live a fairly comfortable life.第三步，到21世紀中期建國100周年時，達到中等發達國家水平 Step Three: By the year 2049, the 100th anniversary of the P.R.C., China’s level of development is expected to be on par with the mid-ranking developed countries
與世界經濟的聯系將更加緊密 be more closely linked to the world economy
中國巨大的市場潛力將逐步轉化為現實的購買力 The huge market potential that China enjoys will be turned into tangible purchasing power.
適應市場經濟需要的法律法規體系還不夠健全 The regulatory and legal system is not well established as to adapt to the demand of market economy.
經濟管理體制可能會出現一些不適應 The economic management system may not be readily adapted to the changes.
一些行業和企業可能會受到沖擊 Some sectors of economy and some businesses may be adversely affected.
立足中國國情，發揮自身優勢 proceed from national conditions in China and bring our advantages into play
揚長避短，趨利避害，迎接經濟全球化的挑戰 foster strengths and circumvent weaknesses and rise to the challenge of economic globalization
瓶頸制約 bottleneck constraints
放權讓利 decentralization and interest concessions (in late 1980s and early 1990s)
深化改革 intensify reform; deepen one’s commitment to reform
配套改革 supporting (concomitant) reforms
配套資金 counterpart funds; local funding of
提高經濟效益 improve economic performance; increase economic returns
講求社會效益 value contribution to society; pay attention to social effect
加速國民經濟信息化 develop information-based economy accelerate IT application in economy
拉動經濟增長 fuel economic growth
利改稅 substitution of tax payment for profit delivery
費改稅 transform administrative fees into taxes
債轉股 debt-to-equity swap
頭寸寬裕（頭寸緊缺） in an easy position (tight position)
朝陽產業 sunrise industry
招標投標制 the system of public bidding for project
充分發揮貨幣政策的作用 give full play to the role of monetary policy
實施積極的財政政策 follow a pro-active fiscal policy
向銀行增發國債，擴大投資 The government issued additional treasury bonds to banks to increase investment.
再注資 recapitalization
放松銀根 to ease monetary policy
信息經濟 IT economy
外向型經濟 export-oriented economy
信息時代 information age
全球化 globalization （全球性globality）
信譽風險 reputational risk
風險評級 risk rating
到期不還貸 default on a loan
資不抵債 insolvency; be insolvent
亞洲金融危機 Asian financial crisis (1997-98)
投資（貸款）組合 investment (loan) portfolio
外匯儲備充足 sufficient foreign exchange reserves
中國金融業問題 problems with financial sector in China
儲蓄比例過高 the excessively large proportion of savings in the money supply
國有企業產負債率過高 high leverage ratio of the state-owned enterprises,
國有獨資商業銀行不良資產比例過高 high ratio of non-performing loans of the state commercial banks
少數中小存款金融機構不能支付到期債務 insolvency of a handful of small and medium-sized financial institutions
不良貸款 non-performing loans
防範和化解金融風險 address financial risks
提高企業借貸和行使民事責任的能力 improve enterprises’ creditworthiness and ability to fulfil their civil liabilities
監事會 supervisory board
實行謹慎會計制度 adopt prudential accounting standards
五級分類法劃分貸款質量 the five-category asset classification approach
金融資產管理公司 financial asset management companies
分離和收回不良資產 substantially reduce the ratio of non-performing assets
分業管理、規模經營 business segregation, economy of scale
規範金融機構市場退出制度 improve the market exit mechanism for financial institutions

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